The three scientists will share this year’s Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology. William Campbell and Satoshi Omura snag half for new drugs against parasites. Tu Youyou second half for therapy against malaria.
Monday, October 5, 2015
Three Nobel laureates medical – Republic
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The Nobel Prizes are awarded for discoveries and achievements that have brought the greatest benefit of humanity. This year, there is no doubt that such benefits from the use of drugs developed by three Nobel Prize winners. These drugs help fight parasitic infections that affect millions of people in the poorest countries of the world.
This year’s Nobel Medical divided into three parts. Half will receive a Chinese woman Tu Youyou, which uses the experience of traditional Chinese medicine has discovered new, effective drug stop malaria. To the 60s of last century, malaria was treated with quinine and chloroquine – it was one of the earliest known substances that inhibit parasite invasion. Over time, however, they became less and less effective.
Tu Youyou, who is a professor at the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, began to look for a solution in the old communications polluting use herbs to treat malaria. It’s just that applied modern techniques to try and test “candidates”. In this way, after a series of experiments on animals, found that Artemisia annua Artemisia annua can be a source of desired substances in medicine. This substance, later called Artemisinin has proved to be extremely effective against parasites that cause malaria in humans – including those most dangerous of Plasmodium falciparum.
As the Nobel Committee, malaria falls annually 200 million people – bitten by mosquitoes carrying plasmodia . Artemisinin and its derivatives reduce mortality by 20 percent, and in the case of children – up to one-third. For the same Africa – writing committee said in a statement – that is 100 thousand. people rescued from death each year.
The second part of the award will fall to researchers seeking treatment against – mainly – filariom causing elephantiasis and river blindness. Awards will receive one-fourth of Japanese Satoshi Omura, a microbiologist who managed to isolate from soil bacteria producing potential new drugs przecipasożytnicze. Omura has developed a method bakerii soil cultivation on a large scale, which made it possible to study substances that bacteria produce.
His efforts continued to William C. Campbell, an Irishman working in the US (including 1/4 of the prize), dealing with biology parasites. Among the bacteria selected by Omura chose Streptomyces avermitilis avermectin producing strain – a very potent drug destructive parasites. Campbell initially used it, among others, for the removal of parasites in domestic and farm animals. Avermectin work anyway as strongly on internal parasites and external.
Later avermectin slightly modified for even better acting drug – ivermectin, which is currently used to combat filariozami. The Nobel Committee pays special attention this river blindness – occurring in Africa variation filariasis (parasites are transmitted by flies), which affects 150 million people, and elephantiasis caused by the filaria Bancroft disease deforms the human body.
Nobel Prize winners in medicine and physiology in the last 10 years:
2014 – Prize awarded to: John O’Keefe and the marriage of May-Britt and Edvard I . Moser for the discovery of brain “of the internal GPS”, or neurons, which allow orientation in space. Their findings may help to better understand the mechanism of loss of spatial memory, which is observed in Alzheimer’s disease. Studies of “cerebral GPS-em” opened or new roads, which should lead to an understanding of other cognitive processes – even the memory, thinking and planning.
2013 – The prize was divided among three scientists: James E. Rothman and Randy W. Schekmana with the US and Germany representing Thomas C. Suedhofa. The winners’ works related to the transport of substances inside living cells – made it possible to understand how the constantly occurring in the flow cell membranes allows them to transport molecules and communicate with the environment.
2012 – Award received : British cloning pioneer John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka Japanese – creator of induced pluripotent stem cells, which give the opportunity to the culture in the laboratory tissues and even entire organs. Nobel Laureates have discovered that the mature cells of the body can go back to the stage in the development of stem cells, which then are again transformed into any cell of the body.
2011 – received the Nobel Prize Bruce Beutler, Jules Hoffmann and Ralph Steinman for his discoveries about the immune system. American Beutler and Hoffmann Frenchman explained how the so-called. the innate immune system. The merit originating from Canada Ralph Steinman was the discovery of dendritic cells, which have a key role in the second line of immune defense, namely the so-called. adaptive immune system.
2010 – The award was received British physiologist Robert G. Edwards for the development of a method of IVF (in vitro), whereby in 1978. born the first ” test-tube baby “, Louise Brown girl.
2009 – Nobel went to three scientists who explained how chromosomes containing genetic data can be copied at each cell division and, how genetic information is protected against damage – Elizabeth H. Blackburn from Australia, Carol Greider (USA) and Jack W. Szostak (USA).
2008 – Award received three Virus researchers: Germany’s Harald zur Hausen, who proved that causes cervical cancer HPV virus and two French Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of HIV.
2007 – The prize shared Italian-American Mario Capecchi, Briton Martin Evans and American Oliver Smithies. As she wrote in the explanatory memorandum, the Commission Noblowska, “prize was awarded for the use of embryonic stem cells for genetic modification of mice, which helped to understand the participation of genes in the development of embryos, the development of organisms adults and the aging process.”
Research Nobel Prize winners also helped explain the basis for the development of certain diseases of genetic origin, and meet the innate tendency to collapse, among others, for cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes.
2006 – Nobel Prize – for their discovery of RNA interference mechanism that can be used in gene therapy and biotechnology – given the Americans – 47- year-old Andrew Fire and 46-year-old Craig Mello. RNA interference occurs in plant cells, animals and humans. It is a natural defense mechanism against viruses, regulates the activity of genes.
2005 – The prize was taken by the two Australians Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in the development of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcers.
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